Regiments of the Indian Army

Components of Indian Army
Indian Army
Indian Air Force
Indian Navy
Indian Coast Guard
Paramilitary forces of India
Strategic Nuclear Command


Infantry Regiments (29)
• Brigade of the Guards
• The Parachute Regiment
• Mechanised Infantry Regiment
• Punjab Regiment
• Madras Regiment
• The Grenadiers
• Maratha Light Infantry
• Rajputana Rifles
• Rajput Regiment
• Sikh Regiment
• Sikh Light Infantry
• Dogra Regiment
• Garhwal Rifles
• Kumaon Regiment
• Assam Regiment
• Bihar Regiment
• Mahar Regiment
• Jammu & Kashmir Rifles
• Jammu & Kashmir Light Infantry
• Jat Regiment
• Naga Regiment
• 1 Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)
• 3 Gorkha Rifles
• 4 Gorkha Rifles
• 5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)
• 8 Gorkha Rifles
• 9 Gorkha Rifles
• 11 Gorkha Rifles
• Ladakh Scouts


Artillery Regiments

• 37 (Coorg) Anti-Tank Regiment RIA
• 40 Field Regiment (Asal Uttar)
• 61 Medium Regiment
• 76 Field Regiment
• 216 Medium Regiment
• 163 Medium Regiment
• 168 Field Regiment
• 169 Field Regiment (Longewala)
• 195 Field Regiment (Banwat)
• 255 Feild Regiment
• 286 Medium Regiment
• 311 Field Regiment
• 92 Medium Regiment

: Indian Army Armoured Corps
• President's Bodyguard
• 1 Horse
• 2 Lancers
• 3 Cavalry (see http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/3RD%20CAVALRY for history)
• 4 Horse
• 5 Armoured Regiment
• 6 Armoured Regiment
• 7 Cavalry
• 8 Cavalry
• 9 Horse
• 10 Armoured Regiment
• 11 Armoured Regiment
• 12 Armoured Regiment
• 13 Armoured Regiment
• 14 Scinde Horse
• 15 Armoured Regiment
• 16 Cavalry
• 17 Horse {The Poona Horse}
• 18 Cavalry
• 19 Armoured Regiment
• 20 Lancers
• 21 Central India Horse
• 40 Armoured Regiment
• 41 Armoured Regiment (India)
• 42 Armoured Regiment
• 43 Armoured Regiment
• 44 Armoured Regiment
• 45 Cavalry
• 46 Armoured Regiment
• 47 Armoured Regiment
• 48 Armoured Regiment
• 49 Armoured Regiment
• 50 Armoured Regiment (based at Ranchi within 23 Infantry Division?)
• 51 Armoured Regiment
• 52 Armoured Regiment
• 53 Armoured Regiment
• 61 Cavalry
• 62 Cavalry
• 63 Cavalry
• 64 Cavalry
• 65 Armoured Regiment
• 66 Armoured Regiment
• 67 Armoured Regiment
• 68 Armoured Regiment
• 69 Armoured Regiment
• 70 Armoured Regiment
• 71 Armoured Regiment
• 72 Armoured Regiment
• 73 Armoured Regiment
• 74 Armoured Regiment
• 75 Armoured Regiment is the only Indian armoured regiment to have been raised on foreign soil during the 1971 indo-pak war at gadra road (now in pak)on 12 mar 1972.
• 76 Armoured Regiment
• 81 Armoured Regiment
• 82 Armoured Regiment
• 83 Armoured Regiment
• 84 Armoured Regiment
• 85 Armoured Regiment
• 86 Armoured Regiment
• 87 Armoured Regiment
• 88 Armoured Regiment
• 89 Armoured Regiment
• 90 Armoured Regiment


Engineering Regiment Groups
• Bombay Sappers
• Bengal Sappers
• Madras Sappers

Fun Facts About Electricity

Fun Facts About Electricity
 Electricity travels at the speed of light - more than 186,000 miles per second!
 A spark of static electricity can measure up to three thousand (3,000) volts.
 A bolt of lightning can measure up to three million (3,000,000) volts – and it lasts less than one second!
 Electricity always tries to find the easiest path to the ground.
 Electricity can be made from wind, water, the sun and even animal manure.
 Burning coal is the most common way electricity is made in the United States.
 One power plant can produce enough electricity for 180,000 homes.
 The first power plant – owned by Thomas Edison – opened in New York City in 1882.
 Thomas Edison didn’t invent the first light bulb – but he did invent one that stayed lit for more than a few seconds.
 Thomas Edison invented more than 2,000 new products, including almost everything needed for us to use electricity in our homes: switches, fuses, sockets and meters.
 Benjamin Franklin didn’t discover electricity – but he did prove that lightning is a form of electrical energy.

HACKER

HACKER

A hacker is often someone who creates and modifies computer software and computer hardware, including computer programming, administration, and security-related items. A hacker is also someone who modifies electronics, for example, ham radio transceivers, printers or even home sprinkler systems to get extra functionality or performance. The term usually bears strong connotations, but may be either favorable or denigrating depending on cultural context .
 In computer programming, a hacker is a software designer and programmer who builds elegant, beautiful programs and systems. A hacker can also be a programmer who hacks or reaches a goal by employing a series of modifications to exploit or extend existing code or resources. For some, "hacker" has a negative connotation and refers to a person who "hacks" or uses kludges to accomplish programming tasks that are ugly, inelegant, and inefficient. This pejorative form of the noun "hack" is even used incorrectly among users of the positive sense of "hacker".
 In computer security, a hacker is a person who specializes in work with the security mechanisms for computer and network systems. While including those who endeavor to strengthen such mechanisms, it more often is used incorrectly, especially in the mass media, to refer to those who seek access despite them.
 In other technical fields, hacker is extended to mean a person who makes things work beyond perceived limits through their own technical skill, such as a hardware hacker, or reality hacker.
 In hacker culture, a hacker is a person who has attained a certain social status and is recognized among members of the culture for commitment to the culture's values and a certain amount of technical knowledge.
The hacker community, the set of people who would describe themselves as hackers or described by others as hackers, falls into at least three partially overlapping categories. Sometimes alternate terms such as "cracker" are used in an attempt to more exactly distinguish which category of hacker is intended, or when attempting to put a contextual distance between the categories due to the Hacker definition controversy.
Hacker: Highly skilled programmer
This mainly positive usage of hacker refers to one who knows a (sometimes specified) set of programming interfaces well enough to program rapidly and expertly. This type of hacker is well-respected (although the term still carries some of the meaning of hack), and is capable of developing programs without adequate planning or where pre-planning is difficult or impossible to achieve. This situation gives freedom and the ability to be creative against a methodical and careful progress. At their best, hackers can be very productive. The technical downside of hacker productivity is often in maintainability, documentation, and completion. Very talented hackers may become bored with a project once they have figured out all of the hard parts, and be unwilling to finish off the "details". This attitude can cause friction in environments where other programmers are expected to pick up the half finished work, decipher the structures and ideas, and bullet-proof the code. In other cases, where a hacker is willing to maintain their own code, a company may be unable to find anyone else who is capable or willing to dig through code to maintain the program if the original programmer moves on to a new job.
Additionally, there is sometimes a social downside associated with hacking. The stereotype of a hacker as having gained technical ability at a cost in social ability has been observed many individuals.Some researches have speculated on a possible link between hacking and conditions in the Autism spectrum, such as Asperger's Syndrome. While such social stunting from whatever cause is not universal among hackers, nor even only restricted to hackers, the difficulty in relating to others and the often abrasive personalities of some hackers makes some of them difficult to work with or to organize into teams. On the other hand, it is not uncommon for hackers to thrive on social interaction
Hacker: Computer and network security expert
In the networking sense, a hacker is one who specializes in work with the access control mechanisms for computer and network systems. This includes individuals who work toward maintaining and improving the integrity of such mechanisms. However, the most common usage of hacker in this respect refers to someone who exploits systems or gains unauthorized access by means of clever tactics and detailed knowledge, while taking advantage of any carelessness or ignorance on the part of system operators. This use of hacker as intruder (frequent in the media) generally has a strong negative connotation, and is disparaged and discouraged within the computer community, resulting in the modern Hacker definition .
For such hackers specializing in intrusion, the highly derogatory term script kiddies is often used to indicate those who either claim to have far more skill than they actually have, or who exclusively use programs developed by others to achieve a successful security exploit.
Hacker: Hardware modifier
Another type of hacker is one who creates novel hardware modifications. At the most basic end of this spectrum are those who make frequent changes to the hardware in their computers using standard components, or make semi-cosmetic themed modifications to the appearance of the machine. This type of Hacker modifes his/her computer for performance needs and/or aesthetics. These changes often include adding memory, storage or LEDs and cold cathode tubes for light effects. These people often show off their talents in contests, and many enjoy LAN parties. At the more advanced end of the hardware hackers are those who modify hardware (not limited to computers) to expand capabilities; this group blurs into the culture of hobbyist inventors and professional electronics engineering. An example of such modification includes the addition of TCP/IP Internet capabilities to a number of vending machines and coffee makers during the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Hackers who have the ability to write circuit-level code, device drivers, firmware, low-level networking, (and even more impressively, using these techniques to make devices do things outside of their spec sheets), are typically in very high regard among hacker communities. This is primarily due to the enormous difficulty, complexity and specialized domain knowledge required for this type of work, as well as the electrical engineering expertise that plays a large role. Such hackers are rare, and almost always considered to be wizards or gurus of a very high degree.

BIO-DATA OF CHIEF MINISTERS OF ORISSA

BIO-DATA OF CHIEF MINISTERS OF ORISSA

MAHARAJA SHRI KRUSHNA CHANDRA
GAJAPATI NARAYAN DEO

Late Maharaja Shri Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo of Paralakhemundi, the son of
Late Goura Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo was born on 26th April 1892, educated in Madras assumed
rulership in 1913, an enlightened and benevolent ruler; a patron of education
and culture organised the annual session of the Utkal Union Conference at
Paralakhemundi in 1914. In 1916, he was nominated by the Government to
hold the post of Honorary Commissioner of the Land-Force of the Defence
of India, laid a light railway through his Estate connecting Naupada with
Paralakhemundi; set up a big library in his palace for research scholars, an
important member of the justice party of Madras, member of the Royal
Agricultural Commission in 1927, member of the Madras Legislative Council,
represented the case of Orissa at the Round Table Conference, London
1930-31, deposed before the joint parliamentary committee for the union of
Paralakhemundi with Orissa in 1934, Placed the printed Memorandum before
the authorities and strongly advocated for inclusion of the Oriya Portions of Paralakhemundi in Orissa
and Orissa for a separate province; formed the non-Congress Ministry in Orissa in 1937, the
Government conferred on him the title of Maharaja in 1936 in recognition of his honour and merit. In
1941 November the Maharaja was invited to form the Ministry and assumed the Chief Ministership.
Member of the Constituent Assembly of India 1947-50, life member of the Royal Society of Arts and
Royal Asiatic Society, London; Life member of Utkal University, Utkal University conferred on him
the degree of LL. D. This worthy illustrious son of Orissa passed on 25th May 1974.

SHRI BISWANATH DAS

Not only as a prominent legislator, Shri Biswanath Das, the illustrious son
of Orissa has earned name and fame, but as a member of the Constituent
Assembly had all his praise for the hard work the Drafting Committee had put
on for making the Constitution.
He was born on 8th March 1889 to late Madhusudan Das of Ganjam
district. He graduated from the Ravenshaw College and obtained a Bachelor
of Law from the Calcutta University. While pursuing his Legal avocation in
Madras, he was illegistibly drawn to the freedom struggle in response to the
Non Co-operation Movement in 1921 and joined the Indian National Congress.

In the same year, he was elected President of Chhatrapur Taluk Board in Ganjam district. Prior to
1920, he had pioneered the agitation for abolition of inermediary system of land by organising Kishan
Movement in Madras Presidency.
Elected to the Madras Council for three terms from 1920 to 1929, he resigned from the body to
activise the freedom movement and courted imprisonment several times.
His tireless efforts for amalagamation of Oriya speaking tracts through the aegis of Utkal
Conference is indeed a valued memory. After the separation of Orissa Province in 1936, he was
elected to its Assembly to become its first Prime Minister in 1937. During his premiership the three
important tenancy Legislation which his Ministry initiated were :
(a) Madras Estates Land (Orissa Amendment Act) Bill ;
(b) Orissa Tenancy (Amendment) Bill ;
(c) Money Lenders Bill
He, however, resigned the office in 1939 in obedience to the directives of the Indian National
Congress on declaration of Second World War. He had braved detention during the Quit India
Movement in 1942.
Shri Biswanath Das, who lived all along a life of austerity had numerous occasions to hold high
political offices. He was a member of the Constituent Assembly from 1947 to 1952. The contribution
of Shri Biswanath Das to the shaping of the new Constitution is no less important. His ideas and
ideals are reflected in many provisions of the Constitution. The chapter on Directive Principles of
State Policy had given place to most of his ideas on social and economic justice. He was very much
optimistic about the working of the new Constitution usually with Constituent Assembly, names like
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar, N. Gopalswamy Ayyangar, Hridayanath Kunzru, K.
Santhanam, Satchidananda Sinha, K. M. Munshi, Tej Bahadur Sapru, etc. come to occupy the
memories of the students of Indian Government and politics. But there were also other members in
the Constituent Assembly whose name do not appear frequently in the memories of the scholars of
Indian Constitution, though they have rendered great services in the working of the Constitution of
free India. One such name is late Biswanath Das, the Ex-Chief Minister of Orissa. Late Biswanath
Das was the first and only Chief Minister of Orissa to be associated with the Constitution-making.
Besides being a member of the State Congress Executive Committee 1947-1952, he was the
President of Pradesh Congress Committee for a number of years. Elected to the State Assembly
1962, he resigned to accept the Governorship of Uttar Pradesh was sworn in on 16th April 1962 and
held this gubernatorial for a term of five years. He returned to State politics once again to hold the
Coalition Ministry of Utkal Congress, Swatantra and Jharakhand during the year 1971 and 1972.
He keenly persued high ideals of social service by his involved association with the servants of
the people’s society of which he became the President of on the demise of the former Prime Minister
Lal Bahadur Sastri. Besides he was one of the founder trustees of Chatrudham-Veda Bhawan, Puri
and instituted Biswanath Trust Fund to cater to the felt needs of poor students.
An embodiment of symplicity and grace, a vateran freedom fighter, an astute statesman and a
democrat he led the socio-political life of the State for more than half century. The most distinguished
illustrious son of the State passed away on 2-6-1984.



DR. HAREKRUSHNA MAHATAB

Dr. Harekrushna Mahatab was the son of Krushna Charan Das and Tohapha Debi. He was
born on 21st November 1899 at Agarpada in undivided Balasore district. After matriculation from
Bhadrak High School, he joined Ravenshaw College, Cuttack for his higher studies, which were left
incomplete as he was irresistibly drawn to the National Liberation Movement in 1921. Thereafter his
life was a saga of struggle and dedication to the cause of country’s freedom. He started weekly
Prajatantra in 1923 at Balasore. First imprisonment on charge of sedition in
the year 1922. He was the Chairman of Balasore District Board from 1924–
1928. He was the member of Bihar and Orissa Council in 1924. He joined
Salt Movement and imprisoned in 1930. He was elected as the General
Officer Commanding of Congress Sevadal for Puri Congress session in
1932 and he was arrested, when Congress was banned. He participated in
Harijan Movement in 1934 and opened his ancestral temple to Harijans for
the first time in Orissa. According to the instruction of the Father of the
Nation Mahatma Gandhi, he started Gandhi Karma Mandir at Agarpada in
Balasore district. He became the President of Utkal Pradesh Congress
Committee from 1930-1931 and again in 1937. He was nominated to
Congress Working Committee by Subhas Chandra Bose in 1938 and continued till 1946 and again
from 1946 to 1950. He was the President of State People’s Enquiry Committee in 1938 and
recommended cancellation of Sananda of Rulers and merger of Ex-State with Orissa Province. He
participated in Non-Co-operation Movement and courted imprisonment in 1941 and “Quit India
Movement” in 1942. Dr. Harekrushna Mahatab was the Chief Minister of Orissa from 1946 to 1950,
Union Minister of Commerce and Industry from 1950–52, Secretary General, Congress Party in
Parliament 1952, Governor of Bombay from 1955-56, resigned from Governorship in 1956 and again
became the Chief Minister of Orissa from 1956 to 1960. Dr. Mahatab has been rightly recognised as
the architect of modern Orissa for his pivotal role in the merger and integration of former princely
States, founding the State’s Capital at Bhubaneswar and the sanction and construction of the multipurpose
Hirakud Dam Project.
He was elected to Lok Sabha in 1962 and became Deputy President of Congress Party in
1966. He resigned from Congress Party and Ied Jana Congress Party in 1966. He was elected to
Orissa Legislative Assembly in 1967, 1971 and 1974.
He was the founder of the Prajatantra Prachar Samiti which till today publish Daily ‘Prajatantra’
and ‘Jhankar’ a monthly journal. He was Chief Editor of the publications since inception. He was the
President of Orissa Sahitya Academy and Sangit Natak Academy for a couple of terms. Permanent
member of the Utkal University Senate. He was a distinguished historian and writer in English and
Oriya. He was conferred Honorary Degree of Doctor by Andhra University, Degree of Doctor of
Literature by Utkal University and Doctor of Laws by Sagar University.
True to his multifaceted personality, Dr. Mahatab earned distinction as an accomplished writer
“History of Orissa”, “Beginning of the End”. Apart from this, he had authored several novels, plays
and poems which are acclaimed for their literary value. The compilation of his popular column “Gaon
Mazlis” published in Daily Prajatantra received the Central Sahitya Academy Award in 1983.
Dr. Harekrushna Mahatab was a political leader par excellence. The emeriti of his achievements
in one life time is extraordinary. He towered over the time and events to lead the people of the State
through years of transition during independence and thereafter. This illustrious son of this soil passed
away on 2nd January, 1987.



SHRI NABAKRISHNA CHOUDHURY

Shri Nabakrishna Choudhury born 1901 November 22nd, son of late Gokulananda Choudhury
of Kherash of Jagatsinghpur in the undivided district of Cuttack. Education up to B.A. in Ravenshaw
College, left education at the time of Non-Co-operation Movement, 1921. One of the founder members
of “BHARATI MANDIR”, an Organisation of Educated Youth for Cultural and
Political Independence, joined Sabarmati Ashram and stayed with Gandhiji
for about two years. In 1926 went to Shantiniketan for studies, married Malati
Debi in 1927, took part in Salt Satyagrah of 1930, was successful to explain
to people about non-payment of revenue to Government. A founder member
of Congress Socialist Party of India, took leading part in Peasant Movement,
Member of Orissa Legislative Assembly from 1937 to 1956. Led people of
Eastern Princely States (Gadajat) of Dhenkanal and Talcher in Independence
Movement, courted arrest in that movement and in subsequent movements
of Civil Disobedience and Quit India. Minister of Revenue, Supply and
Transport from 1946 to 1948, nationalised passengers’ transport system, President, Orissa Land
Reforms Committee, 1947, resigned from the Cabinet and worked as an Organiser of Basic Education,
Chief Minister of Orissa from 1950 to 1956, enacted Grama Panchayat Act, Zamidari Abolition Act
and Orissa Tenants Protection Act, joined Sarvodaya Movement, after resigning from Chief
Ministership, President Sarba Seba Sangha, devoted his time for economically backward class,
joined J.P’s Movement in 1974 to 1977. Expired on 24-6-1984.



SHRI BIJU PATNAIK

Biju Patnaik–Born 5th March, 1916–Son of Late Laxminarayan Patnaik–Education : B.
Sc.standard; Married : Shrimati Gyan Patnaik, two sons and one daughter ; Prior occupation : Business;
Hobbies : Aeronautics and Industry; Travel Abroad : U. K., U. S. A., U. S. S. R., Paris, Indonesia and
several other countries; Political activities : Since boyhood fond of adventurous
life; During student life set out on cycle from Cuttack to Peshawar ; joined
Indian National Airways and became its ace pilot, During “Quit India” Movement
collaborated with underground leaders; Imprisoned for thirty months ; At the
risk of his life he brought the Indonesian Premier Mr. Sultan Siharir to New
Delhi by plane at the time of Indonesian Freedom Struggle. First Indian plane
was landed by him in Kashmir in 1947, when Pakistan attacked India ; on
returning to Orissa took interest in Industries and established many; President,
U. P. C. C. one term; Member, A. I. C. C., In 1961 Mid-term election under his
leadership brought unprecedent absolute majority for Congress Party; Became
Chief Minister 1961–63 and resigned under “Kamraj” Plan; Kalinga Airways is one of his creations.
Donor of 1,000 pound prize to UNESCO as Science Award; Elected to the Orissa Legislative Assembly

1952, 1957, 1961 from Jagannathprasad, Surada (Ganjam) and Chowdwar (Cuttack) respectively;
again elected in 1971 and 1974 from Rajnagar (Cuttack); Chairman, Planning Board, Government of
Orissa from 1971 to 1972 June. Took active part and rendered valuable service to the people of
Rajnagar area in particular who suffered from the havoc caused by the cyclone in October, 1971.
Elected to Parliament in 1977 and Cabinet Minister of the Central Ministry 1977 to 1979. Elected to
Lok Sabha from Kendrapara Constituency in 1980. Again Shri Patnaik was elected to Lok Sabha
from Kendrapara Parliamentary Constituency in 1984 Lok Sabha election. He was also elected from
Bhubaneswar Assembly Constituency to Orissa Legislative Assembly in 1985 General Election. He
resigned from Kendrapara Parliamentary Constituency and became the Opposition Leader in Orissa
Legislative Assembly. Again he was elected to Orissa Legislative Assembly in 10th Orissa Legislative
Assembly Election from Bhubaneswar Assembly Constituency. In 1990 under his dynamic leadership
the Janata Dal secured more than three fourth majority of the Orissa Legislative Assembly which is
quite unprecedented. He was unanimously elected as the Leader of the Janata Dal in Orissa Legislative
Assembly and on his birth day he was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Orissa on 5th March, 1990.
Again he was elected from Bhubaneswar Assembly Constituency in March, 1995 and became Leader
of Opposition. Later he contested for Lok Sabha Election held in June, 1996 from Aska and Cuttack
Constituency. He was elected from both the Constituencies. He resigned from O. L. A. and joined as
Parliament Member from Aska Lok Sabha Constituency. The age old leader passed away on 17th
April, 1997 at Escort Hospital, New Delhi.



SHRI BIREN MITRA

Born : 26th November, 1917 at Bangalisahi, Cuttack-2, District Cuttack.
Death : 25th May, 1978 (60 years 5 months 29 days)
Father : Late Bipin Behari Mitra; Married to Shrimati Iswarama Mitra; Father
of two sons and one daughter; Education : B. A., B. L. (Ravenshaw College,
Cuttack).
Political and other activities :
Interested in philanthropic activities. An outstanding student leader. While leading medical
students strike was imprisoned in the year 1939. During ‘Quit India Movement’ in the year 1942 was
imprisoned in Berhampur Jail. Played outstanding role in Peasant and Labour Movements. Opted
‘Inter-caste’ marriage. Minister, Orissa 1961–63, Chief Minister, Orissa from 1963-64. Resigned
from Chief Ministership in the year 1965. Elected to Orissa Legislative Assembly in 1952, 1957 and
1961 and 1967 from Cuttack City (Cuttack) Constituency. Expired on 25-5-1978 at S. C. B. Medical
College Hospital, Cuttack.



SHRI SADASIBA TRIPATHY

Shri Sadasiba Tripathy–Born 21st April 1910, son of late Lingaraj Tripathy, Education–
Matriculate, Married Shrimati Tilottama Tripathy; three sons.
Political and other activities–Served as Teacher 1929–1936 and was
associated with Congress. Responsible for political awakening of the people
of Adivasi infested Koraput district. Gave lead to people of Koraput district in
Freedom Movement. Imprisoned for one year during individual Satyagraha
Movement, 1941. Under detention from 1943 to 1945 during ‘Quit India
Movement’ Secretary, Orissa Bhoodan Yagan Samiti, 1958–1961 and
continues to be a member. Member, A.I.C.C. and Executive Member, P. C.
C., 1938–1955. Has been a Minister for a total period of twelve years and the main portfolio was
Revenue throughout. An expert in Revenue Administration of Orissa. Piloted Orissa Zamindary
Abolition and Land Reforms Bill. Chief Minister, Orissa from February 1965 to 1967 February. Elected
1937, 1946, 1952, 1957, 1961 and 1967 from Nowrangpur and Umarkot. Expired on 9-9-1980 at S.
C. B. Hospital, Cuttack.



SHRI RAJENDRA NARAYAN SINGH DEO

Born : 31st March 1912; Son of Late Maharaja Prithwiraj Singh Deo; At Sailashree Palace,
P.O. Balangir, Dist. Balangir; Education : Studied in Mayo College, Ajmer, St. Columbia’s College,
Hazaribagh; Undergone Administrative Training at Ranchi and Monghyr; Married Shrimati Kailash
Kumari Debi; 2 Sons; 4 Daughters, Elected March 1971 from Balangir Constituency (Balangir); Prior
occupation-ex-Ruler, Patna; Hobbies-Photography and Cinematography; Favourite Pastime :
Reading; Social Activities–Removed untouchability and allowed temple entry
to Harijans in the Patna State; Literary Activity–Contributed articles of interest
to the newspapers and periodicals; Travel Abroad–U. S.A., Canada, West
Germany, Japan, U. K., France, Italy, Switzerland and some other Asian
countries; Political Activities–After merger of the States, there was great
discontentment amongst the people of the Orissa State ; To channelise this
discontentment on healthy lines and to check the evils of one-party rule, a
new political party, Ganatantra Parishad was formed under his leadership in
1950 in order to establish and aid the real democracy in the State. This party
continued to work as the main opposition in the State Legislature during the
last three elections in Orissa and merged with the Swatantra Party after the
Parliamentary Election 1962; Elected to Parliament (Lok Sabha) 1952; Elected
to Orissa Legislative Assembly in 1957 and 1961 from Kantabanjhi Constituency and 1967 from
Balangir Constituency; President Utkal Sammelan 1956; Secretary-General, National Democratic
Party under the Presidentship of late Shayama Prasad Mukherji; Opposition Leader, Orissa Legislative
Assembly 1957 to 1959 November and from 1961 to 1967 November; Finance Minister, Congress-
Ganatantra Parishad Coalition Ministry from May 1959 to February 1961, was member of the Rules
Committee and several Select Committees in the Lok Sabha; Chairman, Public Accounts Committee,
Orissa; Member, Public Funds Development Enquiry Committee, Orissa; As a Ruler of ex-Patna
State took and implemented alround developments in the State; Established Rajendra College at
Balangir; Took active and important part in Orissa politics since 1948; President, Swatantra Party,
Orissa Unit, 1962; Member, General Council, National Executive Parliamentary Board, Swatantra
Party; Chief Minister of Orissa since 1967 March with the portfolios of Finance, Home (excluding
Jails and Reformatories and Public Relations), Planning and Co-ordination; Minister, Political &
Services (excluding River Valley Development) and Home (Public Relations and Tourism) till 9th
June, 1972. Expired on 23-2-1975.



SHRIMATI NANDINI SATAPATHY


Shrimati Nandini Satapathy : At Pithapur, District Cuttack, Born : 9th
June, 1931 ; Daughter of Padma Bhusan Shri Kalindi Charan Panigrahi ;
Education M.A. ; Married Shri Devendra Satapathy ; Two sons; Hobby;
Reading, Favourite Pastime, Social welfare; Associated with several social
and cultural organisation; Literary Activity; Author of many poems and short
stories; Hindi verson of her short stories “Janapath” published; Edited Kalana
Oriya monthly; Travel Abroad U.K., U.S.S.R., U.S.A., Paris, etc. Political
Activities; while at school took active interest and part in public affairs; led students movement and
Secretary, Girls’ Students Association 1948-49; organised relief work in distant villages affected by
floods and drought; organised Orissa Women’s Relief Committee and was its Secretary, 1958;
Organisor, Orissa Branch of Association of Social and Moral Hygiene in India; Associated with many
welfare, relief, literary and other organisations; Elected to Rajya Sabha as Congress member in April
1962 and again in April 1968; was Dy. Minister for Information and Broadcasting, 29th January
1966; was Deputy Minister attached to Prime Minister 14th February, 1969; was Minister of State
26th June 1970; As Central Council of Ministers earned a name. Led Indian Film Delegation to
Moscow November-December 1966 and October 1968 and to Taskent in May 1972, Attended 15th
General Conference of UNESCO at Paris as delegate in Indian Delegation, accompanied Prime
Minister as member of India’s delegation to Commemorative Session, United Nations in New York,
Chairman, Children’s Film Society, India for two terms; Member, Board of Director, International
Centre of Film for Children and Young People in Paris October 1968; Member, Working Committee
A.I.C.C. ; Member, Advisory Council, Youth Congress ; elected leader of Orissa Congress Legislature
Party 13th June, 1972 and was Chief Minister till 1st March, 1973; again elected leader, Congress
Legislature Party 2nd March 1974 and was Chief Minister till 1976 ; elected to Orissa Legislative
Assembly from Dhenkanal 1977 and 1980.



SHRI BINAYAK ACHARYA

Shri Binayak Acharya : Born on 30th August, 1918; Son of Late
Raghunath Acharya; Education B.A. D.Ed., married Shrimati Bhagyalata
Acharya; Three sons and three daughters; Prior Occupation-Teachership;
Hobbies-Newspaper reading; Favourite Pastime : Discussion of political
affairs and study of International situation. Political Activities-Took part in
1942 Movement, kept contact with the underground Leaders and looked
after their family members during their absence; His house was searched

by the police during ‘Quit India Movement, and his brother Shri Satyanarayan Acharaya was taken to
custody; spent about 20 years as Headmaster in several M. E. and High Schools; Prior to the
teachership served as the Graduate Assistant in several schools; During teachership, was also
interested in Political affairs; Firm believer in socialism and deeply interested in trade union activities;
A staunch supporter of Socialism and Secularism; Took keen interest for the upliftment of the backward
communities in the country; After resigning Headmastership, started active political career in 1967;
Contested election to Orissa Legislative Assembly, 1967 and 1971 from Berhampur Constituency
and got elected; was Leader of the Opposition in the Orissa Legislative Assembly from 1967 to 1972.
After the fall of the United Front Ministry joined Congress (R) and was Minister, Agriculture, Urban
Development, Labour, Employment and Housing from 14th June 1972 to March 1973 and then
Minister, Finance; became Chief Minister on 29-12-1976 and continued till 30-4-1977. Expired on
11-12-1983.



SHRI NILAMANI ROUTRAY

Shri Nilamani Routray : Born on 24th May 1920; Son of late
Chandrasekhar Routray; Education; B. A., B.L.; At/P.O. Mukundapur, P.S.
Tihidi, Dist. Balasore; Married; late Nalini Devi Routray; One son; worked as
Editor of Oriya daily ‘The Prajatantra’; Hobby & Favourite Pastime-study of
Political history and Political trend in national and international sphere.
Secretary, Oriya Samaj, Calcutta and rendered valuable service to riot-striken
industrial workers in 1946 during direct action days of Muslim League; Travel
Abroad-Switzerland, Germany, France, U. K. and USSR. Political Activities-
Dedicated force in freedom struggle and Trade Union movements; Active
student leader during college career; one of the founders of Orissa Branch of All-India Students’
Federation; Imprisoned several times for political activities; connected with students organisation;
Organiser Orissa Branch of Indian National Trade Union Congress and its General Secretary and
then President, 1948; President OPCC 1967–70; President UC and State Unit of Bharatiya Lok Dal.
Member of Orissa Legislative Assembly from 1948 to 1967, from 1971 to 1973 and from June
1977 to February 1980, Minister 1952 to 1957, Minister 1957 to 1963 and from 1965 to 1967. Deputy
Chief Minister 1963 to 1965, Minister 1971, Deputy Chief Minister 1972 and resigned from Cabinet :
February 1973; Elected to Rajya Sabha 1976, Chief Minister of Orissa from 1977 to February 1980.
Expired on 4.10.2004.



SHRI JANAKI BALLAV PATNAIK

Shri Janaki Ballav Patnaik was born at Rameswar, Puri on January 3,
1927. After receiving his early education at Khurda High School, he graduated
in Sanskrit (Honours) from the Utkal University in 1947 and received his
Master’s Degree in Political Science from the Banaras Hindu University in
1949.
On the conclusion of his University education, he took up Journalism
and joined the EASTERN TIMES (English Daily) as Sub-Editor. In 1950, he

became the Joint Editor of the EASTERN TIMES. Two years later, he became the Editor of the
paper. Simultaneously, he took-up editorship of PRAJATANTRA (Oriya Daily). He was Editor of both
the papers until 1967. He was the Editor of PAURUSHA, a monthly magazine published in Oriya, for
a long time.
Shri Janaki Ballav Patnaik was a student leader all through his college days. He was President
of the State Youth Congress in 1950. He had successfully led a tenants’ movement at Madhupur,
Cuttack District in 1953. He was a member of the Working Committee of the Pradesh Congress
Committee from 1954 to 1960. He was a member of the Standing Committee of the All-India
Newspaper Editors’ Conference from 1956 to 1960 and of the Sahitya Akademi of Orissa from 1956
to 1967. He was a fellow of the Senate of Utkal University from 1957 to 1967. He was associated with
many literary and Cultural Organisations in Orissa. He was President of the All Orissa Basic School
Teachers’ Conference.
Shri Patnaik had widely travelled and also visited the United Kingdom, West Germany, the
UAR, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Burma, USSR, Afghanistan, France, Italy and Israel.
He is the author of Gautam Buddha-Biography. He also published a translation of Bhartruhari
Nitisatak in Oriya in verse form.
Shri Patnaik was elected to Lok Sabha in 1971.
He was Deputy Minister of Defence in Mrs. Gandhi’s Cabinet from 1973 to 1975 and then
Minister of State for Defence. He initiated many new schemes for the welfare of ex-servicemen and
brought about improvement in the cantonment administration in the country.
Shri Patnaik was elected to Lok Sabha during the Lok Sabha Election held in January, 1980
and was the Minister for Tourism and Civil Aviation and Labour.
Shri Patnaik was unanimously elected as Leader of the Congress (I) Legislative Party of Orissa.
He was elected from Athagarh constituency in a bye-election, 1980 and became the Chief Minister.
For the second time he was elected from Khurda and Athagarh Assembly constituency in 1985 and
unanimously elected as leader of the Congress (I) party of Orissa and was sworn in as Chief Minister
of Orissa.
Became the leader of Congress Legislature and took over the charge of Chief Minister for the
third term on 15th March, 1995.
His hobbies are swimming and travelling.
He is the leader of opposition in the 13th Legislative Assembly.



SHRI HEMANANDA BISWAL

Son of Shri Basudev Biswal, At : Thakurpada P.O. Bhalupatna, District;
Sambalpur, Born 1st December, 1939; Married; Smt. Urmila Biswal, Daughter-
5, Son-1; Edn. I.A., Elected; March 1985 from Laikera Constituency; Pre
Occ. : Teachership 1961–1967; Hobbies; Gardening and Photography;
Favourite Pastime-Travelling and games; Spl. Int. : Reading of Political
Magazines and other weekly and fortnightly magazines.
Social Activities – Organisor of Yubak Sangh, Tribal Welfare Sangh.
Athletic Association Dramatic association and Educational Institutions, Lit.
Act. : During student career used to write poems and articles.
Political Activities–Elected as Chairman to Kirmira Panchayat Samiti in 1967 and 1971; Joined
Congress in 1972; Convenor of Youth Congress of Kirmira Block, Vice-President of Jharsuguda
Land Development Bank from 1968 to 1974; Governing Body Member of Jharsuguda L.N. College
and Kuchinda College, Member of the Orissa Assembly in 1974 and 1980 from same constituency
with congress ticket; Chairman of P.U.C. of Assembly from 1981 to 1983, President of the Sambalpur
D.C.C. (I) in 1984-85. He was Minister of State for Health & Family Welfare in J. B. Patnaik Ministry
from 12-3-1985 to 19-12-1986. Took over the charge of Chief Minister of Orissa from 7th December,
1989 to 4th March, 1990 and 6-12-1999 to 5-3-2000.


DR. GIRIDHAR GAMANG

Dr. Giridhar Gamang–Born on 8th April, 1943 in Dibrisingi village of Gunupur in Rayagada
District of Orissa, graduated from Berhampur University and was subsequently conferred Honorary
Degree of Doctor of Science by the Forest Research Institute (Deemed
University), Dehradun. He served as a Union Minister in various key ministries
from 1982 to 1996 except the years 1984 and 1990. He was Union Deputy
Minister for Supply and Rehabilitation (1982), Union Deputy Minister for
Labour (1982-83), Union Deputy Minister, Welfare (1985–88), Union Minister
of State for Tourism (1988), Union Minister of State for Communications
1988-89 and held Independent Charge of the said ministry from July to
December 1989; Union Minister of State for Food Processing Industries
(Independent Charge) (1991–93), Union Minister of State for Planning and
Programme Implementation (Independent Charge) (1993–95) and Union
Minister of State for Mines (Independent Charge) (1995-96). Dr. Gamang
was elected to Lok Sabha for eight consecutive terms (5th Lok Sabha
Elections 1972 to 12th Lok Sabha Elections in 1996) from Koraput
Parliamentary Constituency without any break. His eventful political career is interspersed with
divergent activities, i.e., Member, Estimate Committee (1973–75); Executive Member, C.P.P. (I)
(1977–79); Member, Committee on the Welfare of SCs & STs (1978-79 & 1980–82); Member,
Committee on Official Language (1980–84); Member, Committee on Subordinate Legislation (1990);
Member, Library Committee (1990); Member, Consultative Committee (1990-91, Ministry of I & B);
President, Orissa P.C.C.(I) (1990–92); Chairman, Orissa Election Campaign Committee (1995);
Member, AICC (1996); Member, Committee on Communications (1996-97 & 1998-99). Besides, he
is Life Member to Indian Parliamentary Group; Member, Indian Institute of Public Administration and
Member/Advisor to various cultural orgnisations. He has visited countries like Canada, Greece, Italy,
Kenya, Mauritius, Sychelles, U. K. and U.S.A.
Dr. Gamang has an amazing interest in tribal culture, music and dances. On top of this, as a
performing musician on stage, he holds spectators spellbound with his dancing agility and musical
performances through his much–loved folk instruments Dhamp and Changu. As a gifted artiste he
evolves classical soundscape, which has a healing effect and meditative value. Besides the tribal
folk musical instruments, he has also a flair in playing on western electronic instruments. Dr. Gamang,
an amateur artist of high calibre is the Founder Director and Patron of Hidden Talent Cultural Troupe,
Koraput.
Interest in intellectual pursuit is another dimension of Dr. Gamang’s multifaceted personality.
He is not only a voracious reader but also the author of two books, Piradana Kening i.e., a collection
of Soura poems in Oriya and Constitutional Provisions for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
Another significant feature of his long and distinguished political career is that he has never
changed his party affiliation, a rare phenomenon in the present age of political opportunism and
careerism.

Orissa is immensely indebted to Dr. Giridhar Gamang for effecting extensive automisation of
telephone exchanges operating in the State.
Dr. Giridhar Gamang, a worthy son of the soil took over the charge of Chief Minister of Orissa
from 17th February 1999 to 6th December 1999.



SHRI NAVEEN PATNAIK

Shri Naveen Patnaik, son of late Shri Biju Patnaik and Smt. Gyan Patnaik,
was born on 16-10-1946 at Cuttack, Orissa and educated at Doon School at
Dehradun. In 1967 he graduated from Delhi University. A bachelor, Shri Naveen
Patnaik has recently written a series of non-fiction books on India which have
received wide acclaim both in India and abroad. Earlier, Shri Naveen Patnaik
was a pioneer in achieving international recognition of Indian design while
also working with handloom weavers to enlarge home markets for Indian
textiles. As a founder member of INTACH (The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage)
he has been a prime mover for the preservation of India’s cultural wealth.
Shri Naveen Patnaik’s books reflect his deep interest in Indian cultural history and tradition. A
Second Paradise dealt with Indian culture, A Desert Kingdom with Indian history and The Garden
of Life with India’s environment and traditional knowledge. All the three books were published not
just in India but also widely acclaimed in the U.S.A. and Britain.
After the death of his father, the legendary Biju Patnaik, Shri Naveen Patnaik felt compelled to
enter politics. In June 1997 he was elected Member of Parliament to the 11th Lok Sabha in a byelection
from Aska Constituency in Orissa. In the Lok Sabha he drew the nation’s attention to the
severe water shortage creating drought conditions in Aska and neighbouring constituencies and to
the Human Rights Report on starvation deaths in Western Orissa. He also toured his constituency
extensively and his close association with the people of Aska enabled him to take urgent action on
the severe water shortage by reactivating village wells, drilling new tube-wells and bringing medical
assistance on an urgent basis by mobile medical van and ambulance as well as organising village
clinics.
As a member of the 11th Lok Sabha Shri Naveen Patnaik sat on the (1) Consultative Committee
of Ministry of Steel & Mines (2) Standing Committee on Commerce and (3) Library Committee of
Parliament.
As a result of his dedication to the problems of the people Shri Naveen Patnaik earned the
reputation of being a worthy son of his father, whose name is synonymous in Orissa with development.
In December 1997 this led to the formation of a new regional political entity–the Biju Janata Dal Party
in Orissa, under the leadership of Shri Naveen Patnaik. Within 8 weeks the Biju Janata Dal swept to
victory, bringing nine of its twelve candidates as Members to the 12th Lok Sabha.
On being elected to the 12th Lok Sabha from Aska Parliamentary Constituency Shri Patnaik
held the important portfolio of Cabinet Minister of Steel & Mines. He was re-elected to the 13th Lok
Sabha and became the Union Cabinet Minister for Mines & Minerals.
In the 2000 Orissa Assembly Polls he was elected from Hinjili Constituency and was unanimously
elected the leader of the BJD-BJP alliance and on 5th March took the oath of office of the Chief
Minister, Orissa. For second time, he became the Chief Minister on 16th May 2004.

FACTS TO MAKE EVERY Indian PROUD

Q. Who is the GM of Hewlett Packard (hp) ?


A. Rajiv Gupta



Q. Who is the creator of Pentium chip (needs no introduction as 90% of the today's computers run on it)?
A. Vinod Dahm



Q. Who is the third richest man on the world?
A. According to the latest report on Fortune Magazine, it is
L.N Mital , who is the Chairman of Arcellor-Mital Industries.



Q. Who is the founder and creator of Hotmail (Hotmail is world's No.1 web based email program)?
A. Sabeer Bhatia


Q. Who is the president of AT & T-Bell Labs (AT & T-Bell Labs is the creator of program languages such as C, C++, Unix to name a few)?
A. Arun Netravalli



Q. Who are the Chief Executives of CitiBank, Mckensey & Stanchart?
A. Victor Menezes, Rajat Gupta, and Rana Talwar.


We Indians are the wealthiest among all ethnic groups in America , even faring better than the whites and the natives.
There are 3.22 millions of Indians in USA (1.5% of population). YET,
38% of doctors in USA are Indians.


12% scientists in USA are Indians.
36% of NASA scientists are Indians.


34% of Microsoft employees are Indians.
28% of IBM employees are Indians.
17% of INTEL scientists are Indians.
13% of XEROX employees are! Indians.



Some of the following facts may be known to you. These facts were recently published in a German magazine, which deals with WORLD HISTORY FACTS ABOUT INDIA .


1. India never invaded any country in her last 1000 years of history.
2. India invented the Number system. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta.
3. The world's first University was established in Takshila in 700BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4 th century BC was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.
4. According to the Forbes magazine, Sanskrit is the most suitable language for computer software.

5. Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to humans.
6. Although western media portray modern images of India as poverty striken and underdeveloped through political corruption, India was once the richest empire on earth.

7. The art of navigation was born in the river Sindh 5000 years ago. The very word 'Navigation' is derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH.
8. The value of pi was first calculated by Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is now k! nown as the Pythagorean Theorem. British scholars have last year (1999) officially published that Budhayan's works dates to the 6 th Century which is long before the European mathematicians.

9. Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from India . Quadratic equations were by Sridharacharya in the 11 th Century; the largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Indians used numbers as big as 10 53.
10.. According to the Gemmological Institute of America, up until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds to the world.

11. USA based IEEE has proved what has been a century-old suspicion amongst academics that the pioneer of wireless communication was Professor Jagdeesh Bose and not Marconi.
12. The earliest reservoir and dam for irrigation was built in Saurashtra.

13. Chess was invented in India .


14. Sushruta is the father of surgery. 2600 years ago he and health scientists of his time conducted surgeries like cesareans, cataract, fractures and urinary stones.. Usage of anaesthesia was well known in ancient India .
15. When many cultures in the world were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley ( Indus Valley Civilisation).
16. The place value system, the decimal system was developed in India in 100 BC.


Quotes about India .


We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made.
Albert Einstein.


India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the great grand mother of tradition.
Mark Twain.



If there is one place on the face of earth where all dreams of living men have found a home from the very earliest days when man began the dream of existence, it is India .
French scholar Romain Rolland.



India conquered and dominated China culturally for 20 centuries without ever having to send a single soldier across her border.
Hu Shih


(former Chinese ambassador to USA )




ALL OF THE ABOVE IS JUST THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG, THE LIST COULD BE ENDLESS.
BUT, if we don't see even a glimpse of that great India in the India that we see today, it clearly means that we are not working up to our potential; and that if we do, we could once again be an evershining and inspiring country setting a bright path for rest of the world to follow.
I hope you enjoyed it and work towards the welfare of INDIA .

AIRCRAFT ON THE IAF INVENTORY

AIRCRAFT ON THE IAF INVENTORY

The Strength

SU-30 ~ Twin seater twin engine multirole fighter of Russian origin which carries 130 mm GSH gun alongwith 8000 kg external armament. It is capable of carrying a variety of medium-range guided air to air missiles with active or semi-active radar or Infra red homing close range missiles. It has a max speed of 2500 km/hr (Mach 2.35).




MiG-29 ~ Twin engine, single seater air superiority fighter aircraft of Russian origin capable of attaining max. speed of 2445 km per hour (Mach-2.3). It has a combat ceiling of 17 km. It carries a 30 mm cannon alongwith four R-60 close combat and two R-27 R medium range radar guided missiles.



MiG-27 ~ Single engine, single seater tactical strike fighter aircraft of Russian origin having a max. speed of 1700 km/hr (Mach 1.6). It carries one 23 mm six-barrel rotary integral cannon and can carry upto 4000 kg of other armament externally.



MiG-25 ~ Twin engine, single seater strategic reconnaissance aircraft of Russian origin having a max. speed of Mach 3.2 and max height close to 24 km unmatched by any other fighter aircraft in the world.



MiG-23 MF ~ Single engine, single seater swing wing air superiority fighter of Russian origin carrying one 23 mm twin barrel gun and two R-23R/T medium range and two R-60 close combat missiles. It has a max speed of 2446 km/hr (Mach 2.3).



MiG-21 BIS ~ Single engine, single seater multirole fighter/ground attack aircraft of Russian origin which forms the back-bone of the IAF. It has a max speed of 2230 km/hr (Mach 2.1) and carries one 23mm twin barrel cannon with four R-60 close combat missiles.



Mirage-2000 ~ A single seater air defence and multi-role fighter of French origin powered by a single engine can attain max speed of 2495 km/hr(Mach 2.3). It carries two 30 mm integral cannons and two matra super 530D medium-range and two R-550 magic II close combat missiles on external stations.



Jaguar ~ A twin-engine, single seater deep penetration strike aircraft of Anglo-French origin which has a max. speed of 1350 km /hr (Mach 1.3). It has two 30mm guns and can carry two R-350 Magic CCMs (overwing) alongwith 4750 kg of external stores (bombs/fuel).


Canberra ~ Twin engine, twin seater subsonic tactical bomber and interdictor of British origin having max speed of 933 km/hr having four integral cannons (20 mm) and capable of carrying three bombs (1000 lbs each) internally alongwith two bombs (1000 lbs) underwing or 8000 lbs bomb load internally and underwing. BAe/English Electric Canberra B(I) 58.



IL-76 ~ A four engine heavy duty/long haul military transport aircraft of Russian origin with a max speed of 850 km/hr. It has a twin 23 mm cannon in tail turret and capacity to carry 225 paratroopers or 40 tonnes freight, wheeled or tracked armoured vehicles.



AN-32 ~ Twin engine turboprop, medium tactical transport aircraft of Russian origin with a crew of five and capacity to carry 39 paratroopers or max load of 6.7 tonnes. It has a max cruise speed of 530 km/hr.



AVRO ~ Twin engine turboprop, military transport and freighter of British origin having a capacity of 48 paratroopers or 6 tonnes freight and max cruise speed of 452 km/hr.



Dornier ~ Twin engine turboprop, logistic air support staff transport aircraft of German origin capable of carrying 19 passengers or 2057 kg freight. It has a max speed of 428 km/hr.



Boeing 737-200 ~ Twin engine turbofan, VIP passenger aircraft of American origin with total seating capacity of upto 60 passengers. It has a max cruise speed of 943 km/hr.



MI-26 ~ Twin engine turboshaft, military heavy lift helicopter of Russian origin with carrying capacity of 70 combat equipped troops or 20,000 kg payload. It has a max speed of 295 km/hr.



MI-25 ~ Twin engine turboshaft, assault and anti armour helicopter capable of carrying 8 men assault squad with four barrel 12.7 mm rotary gun in nose barbette and upto 1500 Kg of external ordnance including Scorpion anti-tank missiles. It has a max cruise speed of 310 km/hr.




MI-17 ~ Twin engine turboshaft, medium transport helicopter of Russian origin with a capacity of 24 troops or 3.3 tonnes of freight. It carries 6 UV-17, 57 mm rocket pods and has max cruise speed of 240 km/hr.



Chetak ~ Single engine turboshaft, light utility French helicopter with capacity of 6 passengers or 500 kg load. The anti-tank version carries 4 AS-11 wire guided missiles. It has a max speed of 220 km/hr.



Cheetah ~ Single engine turboshaft, FAC/casevac helicopter of French origin having capacity to carry 3 passengers or 100 kg external sling loads. It has max cruise speed of 121 km/hr and can climb to 1 km in 4 minutes.




The Indian Air Force Today

There are five operational air commands, the Western Air Command with headquarters in Delhi being the prime one and responsible for air operations from Kashmir southwards to Rajasthan and including the capital and the Punjab, with an Operations Group dedicated for Jammu & Kashmir including Ladakh. Central Air Command based at Allahabad, encompasses most of the Indo-Gangetic plain while Eastern Air Command, from Shillong, is responsible for Bengal, Assam, the eastern states of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and the others bordering area on Tibet, Bangladesh and Burma.South Western Air Command, at Jodhpur, is responsible for air operations in most of Rajasthan, southwards through Gujrarat to Saurashtra and the Kutch area. Southern Air Command was formed in July 1984 with headquarters at Trivandrum and has, geographically, the largest territory, from the Deccan plateau area to the southern tip of the peninsula and including the island territories of Lakshwadeep and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Training Command has its headquarters at Bangalore, with the majority of flying and ground training establishments located in Southern India. Maintenance Command operates from Nagpur in Central India. The five Operational Commands through administrative Wings, control some 45 fixed-wing squadrons, 20 helicopter units and numerous surface -to- air missile squadrons, with unit establishments varying from 12 to 18 aircraft. This represents a total aircraft strength of nearly 1,700 including training and support types, manned by some 120,000 personnel.

The Indian Air Force is today the world's fourth largest, well-equipped and professionally trained, smartly efficient and with an elan second to none.


Top Helicopters:

The IAF's helicopter fleet has steadily increased in numbers over the past twenty years, blossoming from a handful of U.S. types in the '60s to over 500 French, Indian and Soviet built types. The pride of the force is, undoubtedly, the Mi 26 heavy lift helicopter which has been operated by No. 126 H.U. with outstanding results in the mountains of Northern India. The bulk of rotorcraft are Mi 17s and Mi 8s, well over one hundred of these types serving in Helicopter Units throughout the country, playing a vital logistic support role. Mi 8s are operated for commando assault tasks, for ferrying supplies and personnel to remote mountain helipads and jungle clearings, carrying out SAR (Search and Research Operations) and logistic support tasks in the island territories, employed with the Indian permanent station in the Antarctica and so on.

The smaller Alouette 111, renamed Chetak, is as ubiquitous, being employed for casevac(Casualty Evacuation), communi- cations and liaison duties with the IAF having received over 150 examples of this versatile rotorcraft.

In 1986, however, the Government of India formally constituted the Army's Aviation Corps and most Chetak and Cheetahs operating in AOP Squadrons were transferred from the Air Force on 1st November 1986. The Air Force continues to fly armed Chetaks in the anti-tank role as well as for CASEVAC and general duties while the lighter Cheetah is operated by (FAC) flights.

In May 1984, No. 125 Helicopter Unit was formed with the formidable Mi-25 gunship helicopter, used to much effect in Sri Lanka. The upgraded Mi 35 has followed in April 1990, with No. 104 HU being reequipped with the type. Future requirements for armed helicopters are planned to be met by the indigenous Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) currently under development by HAL at Bangalore.

Trainer

The IAF replaced its HT 2 primary trainers with the HPT32 (Deepak), the new piston engined trainer being utilised at the Basic Flying Training School at Allahabad since January 1988 and at Air Force Academy at Dundigal. Flight cadets then proceed to the Air Force Academy, Dundigal for instruction on the HJT 16 Kiran, first on the Mk. I/IA and then on the armed Mk II version or the Polish origin Iskra, for tactical flying. After commissioning, pilots are streamed to various conversion units, depending on their selection and proficiency. Future fighter pilots are sent to operational conversion units (now known as the MOFTU or MIG Operational Flying Training Unit) where operational and tactical flyng is conducted on MIG 21. Thus are born the IAF's leaders and even future spacemen, like Sqn Ldr Rakesh Sharma, India's first cosmonaut who participated in a joint space flight with the Soviets in 1984.

Top

Aircraft Operated (1932-1991)
Type of Aircraft

Period
Westland WapitiILA 1933-42
Hawker Hart 1939-40
De Havilland D.H. 82A Tiger Moth 1939-57
De Havilland D.H. 89 Dragon Rapide 1941-44
Armstrong Whitworth A.W. 15 Atalanta 1941-42
Hawker Audax 1941-45
Bristol Blenheim Mk. 1 1941-42
1941-43
North American T-6G Texan Harvard 1942-75
Hawker Hurricane Mk IIB/IIC 1942-45
Vultee Vengeance Mk 1/III 1942-44
VickersValentia Avro Anson 1942-45 HAL/MS 748 1942-44
De Havilland D.H. 85 Leopard Moth 1942-43
De Havilland D.H. 94 Minor Moth 1942-43
Fairchild PT-26 Cornell 1943-46
Hawker Hurricane Mk X11 1943-45
Hawker Hurricane MklV SukhoiSu-7BM l: 1944-45
Supermarine Spitfire Mk V111 1944-48
Boulton Paul Defiant TT Mk Ill Mil Mi-8 1944-45
Fairey Battle 1944-45
Auster AOP41511619 1945-70
Supermarine Spitfire Mk XIV 1945-50
Hawker Tempest Mk 11 1946-53
Douglas C-47 Dakota 1946-88
Airspeed Oxford SepecatJaguar S/B 1947-49
Percival Prentice T Mk 3 1948-59
Consolidated Vultee B-24 Liberator Boeing 737 1948-68
De Havilland Vampire FB Mk 52 1948-72
De Havilland Devon C Mk 1 MiG-25R/bT 1950-88
Supermarine Spitfire MkXVI11 1951-57
HAL HT-2 Mil Mi-25 1953-88
De Havilland Vampire NFMk. 54 1953-66
De Havilland Vampire TMk. 55 11yushinll-76MD 1953-75
Dassault Ouragan (Toofani) 1953-67
Fairchild C-1 19GL Packet MiG-27M 1953-86
Sikorsky S-55 1954-66
Super Aero AE 45.5 1955-57 MiG-29B I rB
llyushin 11:14 1955-77
De Havilland DHC-3 Otter 1956-91 HAL HJT- 16 Kiran Mk. II
Vickers Viscount 1956-67
Bell Model 47G Mil Mi-35 1957-72
Dassault Mystere IVA 1957-73
English Electric Canberra B (1) Mk 58 B.Mk.66,B.Mk. 12, PR. Mk.57, PR.Mk.67, T.Mk.54 1957-
Hawker Hunter F Mk.56.F Mk 56 A,T Mk. 66, T Mk. 66D 1957-
HAL/Folland Gnat Mk 1 1958-78
Sikorsky S-62B 1960-64
Mil Mi-4 1960-81
Antonov An-12 B 1961-
Lockheed Super Constellation 1961-84
Aerospatiale HAL Alouette III (Chetak) 1962-
DHC-4 Caribou 1963-87
MiG-21 F-13 1963-68
HAL/HS 748 1964-
HAL HF-24 Marut Mk.1,IT 1964-83
HAL HAOP-27 Krishak 1965-77
MiG-21 FL/U 1966-
TupolevTu-124 1966-81
SukhoiSu-7BM l: 1968-86
HAL HJT- 16 Kiran Mk l/IA 1968-
Mil Mi-8 1971-
Aerospatiale/HAL Cheetah 1973-
MiG-2 1 MF/M 1973-
TS-11 Iskra 1975-
HAL Ajeet (Gnat Mk.II ) 1977-91
MiG-21bis 1977-
SepecatJaguar S/B 1979-
MiG-23BNllJM 1981-
Boeing 737 1981-
MiG-23MF 1982-
MiG-25R/bT 1982-
AntonovAn-32 1984-
Mil Mi-25 1984-
MilMi-17 1985-
11yushinll-76MD 1985-
Dassault Mirage 2000H 1985-
MiG-27M 1984-
Mil Mi-26 1986-
MiG-29B/UB 1987-
HAL HPT-32 1988-
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SOLAR ENERGY

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION
2 CLASSIFICATION OF SOLAR POWER
(a) PASSIVE OR ACTIVE
(b) FOCUS TYPE
3 TYPES OF SOLAR POWER TECHNOLOGIES
(a) SOLAR DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE
(b) SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS
(i) compact system
(ii) pumped system
(iii) solar heating thermal collectors
(iv) solar thermal cooling
(c) PHOTO VOLTAIC CELLS
(d) SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
(i) concentrating solar power (csp) plants
(ii) solar chimney
(e) SOLAR CHEMICAL
(f) SOLAR COOKING
(g) SOLAR LIGHTING

4 ENERGY STORAGE
5 CONCLUSION





INTRODUCTION

Solar power describes a number of methods of harnessing energy from the light of the Sun. It has been present in many traditional building methods for centuries, but has become of increasing interest in developed countries as the environmental costs and limited supply of other power sources such as fossil fuels are realized. It is already in widespread use where other supplies of power are absent such as in remote locations and in space.
As the Earth orbits the Sun, it receives approximately 1,400 W / m² of energy, as measured upon a surface kept normal (at a right angle) to the Sun (this number is referred to as the solar constant). Of the energy received, roughly 19% is absorbed by the atmosphere, while clouds on average reflect a further 35% of the total energy. The generally accepted standard is 1020 watts per square meter at sea level.
After passing through the Earth's atmosphere, most of the sun's energy is in the form of visible and ultraviolet light. Plants use solar energy to create chemical energy through photosynthesis. We use this energy when we burn wood or fossil fuels or when we consume the plants as a source of food.

















CLASSIFICATION OF SOLAR POWER



Solar power can be classified as :
(a) direct or indirect.
(b) Passive or active type
(c) Focus type
Direct solar power involves only one transformation into a usable form. For example:
• Sunlight hits a photovoltaic cell (also called a photoelectric cell) creating electricity.
• Sunlight hits the dark absorber surface of a solar thermal collector and the surface warms. The heat energy is carried away by a fluid circuit.
• Sunlight strikes a solar sail on a space craft and is converted directly into a force on the sail which causes motion of the craft.
• Sunlight strikes a light mill and causes the vanes to rotate, although little practical application has yet been found for this effect.
• Sunlight is focused on an externally mounted fibre optic cable which conducts sunlight into building interiors to supplement lighting.









Indirect solar power involves more than one transformation to reach a usable form. For example: Systems which close insulating shutters or move shades. Many other types of power generation are indirectly solar-powered. Some of these are so indirect that they are often excluded from discussion of solar power:
• Vegetation use photosynthesis to convert solar energy to chemical energy, which can later be burned as fuel to generate electricity, see biofuel.
• Energy obtained from oil, coal and peat originated as solar energy captured by vegetation in the remote geological past and fossilised. Hence the term Fossil fuel. Though strictly solar power, the great time delay between the input of the solar energy and its recovery means these are not normally classified as such.
• Hydroelectric dams and wind turbines are indirectly powered by solar energy through its interaction with the Earth's atmosphere and the resulting weather phenomena.
• Energy obtained from methane (natural gas) may be derived from solar energy either as a biofuel or fossil fuel , but some methane derives from the primeval gas cloud which formed the Solar system and is therefore not solar in origin.
• Ocean thermal energy production uses the thermal gradients that are present across ocean depths to generate power. These temperature differences are ultimately due to the energy of the sun.












Passive or active :
Solar power can also be classified as passive or active:
• Passive solar systems are systems that do not involve the input of any other forms of energy apart from the incoming sunlight, although (in the case of solar heat through windows) there may be draperies or panels used to reduce nighttime heat losses and thermostatically or manually operated vents (but not fans) to prevent overheating. Some passive solar water heating systems use a thermosiphon to reduce nighttime heat loss and have no pumps. Other space heating systems use a thermal diode to similar effect.
• Active solar This usually refers to system which use additional mechanisms such as circulation pumps, air blowers or automatic systems which aim collectors at the sun.
Focus type :
Effective use of solar radiation often requires the radiation (light) to be focussed to give a higher intensity beam. Consequently, another scheme for classifying solar power systems is
• Point focus. A parabolic dish or a series of heliostats are used to concentrate light at a point (the focus). At the focus you might place high-concentration photovoltaic cells (solar cells) or a thermal energy 'receiver'. Solar One was an example of the latter.
• Line focus. A parabolic trough or a series of long narrow mirrors are used to concentrate light along a line. The SEGS systems in California are an example of this type of system.
• Non-focussing systems include solar domestic hot water systems and most photovoltaic cells. These systems have the advantage that they can make use of diffuse solar radiation (which can not be focussed). However, if high temperatures are required, this type of system is usually not suitable, because of the lower radiation intensity.
Types of solar power technologies
Most solar energy used today is harnessed as heat or electricity.
Solar design in architecture
Solar design is the use of architectural features to replace the use of grid electricity and fossil fuels with the use of solar energy and decrease the energy needed in a home or building with insulation and efficient lighting and appliances.
Architectural features used in solar design:
• South-facing (for the Northern Hemisphere) or north-facing (for the Southern Hemisphere) windows with insulated glazing that has high ultraviolet transmittance.
• Thermal masses -- any masses such as walls or roofs that absorb and hold the sun's heat. Materials with high specific heat like stone, concrete, adobe or water work best. See Trombe walls.
• Insulating shutters for windows to be closed at night and on overcast days. These trap solar heat in the building.
• Fixed awnings positioned to create shade in the summer and exposure to the sun in the winter.
• Movable awnings to be repositioned seasonally.
• A well insulated and sealed building envelope.
• Exhaust fans in high humidity areas.
• Passive or active warm air solar panels. Pass air over black surfaces fixed behind a glass pane. The air is heated by the sun and flows into the building.
• Active thermal solar panels using a heat transfer fluid (water or antifreeze solution). These are heated by the sun and the heat is carried away by circulation of the fluid for domestic hot water or building heating or other uses.
• Passive thermal solar panels for preheating domestic hot water.
• Photovoltaic systems to provide electricity.
• Solar chimneys for cooling.
• Planting deciduous trees near the windows. The leaves will give shade in summer but fall in winter to let the sunlight enter the building.

Solar heating systems
Solar heating systems are generally composed of solar thermal collectors, a fluid system to move the heat from the collector to its point of usage, and usually a reservoir to stock the heat for subsequent use. The systems may be used to heat domestic hot water, to heat a swimming pool, to provide heat for a heating circuit (usually radiators or floor heating coils). The heat can also be used for industrial applications or as an energy input to other uses (such as cooling equipment).
In many climates, a solar heating system can provide a very high percentage of domestic hot water energy. In many northern European countries, combined systems (hot water and space heating) are used to provide 15 to 25% of home heating energy.
Residential solar thermal installations can be subdivided in two kind of systems: compact and pumped systems. Both include typically an auxiliary energy source (electric heating element or connection to a gas or fuel oil central heating system) that is activated when the water in the tank falls below a minimum temperature setting(i. e. 50 ºC), so hot water is available always, even in rainy days.









Compact systems
Consist of a tank for the heated water, a few panels and pipes. Based on the thermo siphon principle, the water flows upwards when heated in the panel. When this water enters the tank (placed in the upper part) it expels some cold water from inside, so there is no need for pumps. A typical system for a 4 members home in a sunny region consists of a 300 liters tank and 2 panels (2 square meters each).
"Direct" compact systems are not suitable for cold climates, because at nighttime the remaining water in the panels can freeze and damage them. Besides, the tank is placed together with the panels, generally outside the house (even if the can be hidden beneath the tiles). Some compact systems have a “primary circuit”. This primary circuit includes the collectors and the external part of the tank. A graphical explanation of the thermosyphon principle can be found at this site Instead of water, some non-toxic antifreezing liquid is used. When this liquid is heated up, it flows to the external part of the tank, transferring the heat to the water placed inside. However, direct systems are slightly cheaper and more efficient.
A compact system can save up to 4.5 tonnes per annum of gas emissions. So, in order to achieve the aims of the Kyoto Protocol, several countries are offering subsidies to the end user. Some systems can work for up to 25 years with minimum maintenance. These kinds of systems can be redeemed in 6 years, and they achieve a positive balance of energy (energy used to build them minus energy they save) of 1.5 years. Most part of the year, when the electric heating element is not working, these systems don't use any external source for power (as water flows due to thermosyphon principle).
Usually flat solar thermal collectors are used, but a few compact systems with vacuum tubes can be found.

Pumped systems
They are commonly used in bigger installations (hotels, gyms, and so forth) and the main difference is that the storage tank is placed inside the building, and thus require a controller that measures when the water is hotter in the panels than in the tank, and a pump for transferring water between the two. Most controllers also activate the pump when the outside temperature gets close to 0º C, in order to prevent the water from freezing and thus damaging the panels.
These systems can be controlled remotely, by means of the data logger and a modem-connection.
The most commonly used panel is the flat panel, but sometimes cheaper ones, like polypropylene panels (for swimming pools), or higher-performing ones like vacuum tubes are used.

Solar heating thermal collectors
There are three main kind of solar thermal collectors in common use:
• Formed Plastic Collectors (such as polypropelene, EPDM or PET plastics). These consist of tubes or formed panels through which water is circulated and heated by the sun's radiation. Used for extending the swiming season in swiming pools. In some countries heating a open-air swiming pool with non-renewable energy sources is not allowed, and then these cheap systems offer a good solution. This panel is not suitable for year round uses like providing hot water for home use, mainly due to its lack of insulation which reduces its effectiveness greatly when the ambient air temperature is lower than than temperature of the fluid being heated.
• Flat Collector. It consists of a thin absorber sheet (usually copper, to which a selective coating is applied) backed by a grid or coil of fluid tubing and placed in an insulated casing with (usually) a glass cover. Fluid is circulated through the tubing to remove the heat from the absorber and transport it to an insulated water tank, to a heat exchanger, or to some other device for using the heated fluid. Flat-plate collectors for solar water heating had a popularity in Florida and Southern California in the 1920s. There was a resurgence of interest in them in North America in the 1970s. With various improvements, the collectors of this basic design have frequently been used in "off-grid" home situations (or in other sorts of buildings), but now they present in all most every city in the world. Naturally, like a lot of solar-heating strategies that have been available until recently, conventional flat-plate solar collectors were originally developed for use in sunny, warm climates. Benefits from this kind of collector are considerably diminished when colder or cloudy days present unfavorable conditions

Evacuated (or vacuum) tubes panel
• Evacuated tube collectors are made of a series of modular tubes, mounted parallel, whose number can be added to or reduced as hot-water-delivery needs change. This type of collector consists of rows of parallel transparent glass tubes, each of which contains an absorber tube (in place of the absorber plate to which metal tubes are attached in a flat-plate collector). The tubes are covered with a special light-modulating coating. In an evacuated-tube collector, sunlight passing through an outer glass tube heats the absorber tube contained within it, and in doing so the heat is transferred to a liquid flowing through the tube. The heated liquid circulates through a heat exchanger and gives off its heat to water that is stored in a storage tank (which itself may be kept warm partially by sunlight). Evacuated-tube collectors heat to higher temperatures. Even in some northern climates, this sort of system may capture excess heat which can also be used to supply room heat in winter. However they are more expensive and fragile than flat panels.
Solar thermal cooling
There are some new applications of thermal hot water, like air cooling, currently under development. The absorber machine works basically as a fridge; it uses hot water to compress a gas that once expanded will produce an endothermic reaction, cooling the air. The main problem right now is that the absorber machine works with liquid at 90ºC, a pretty high temperature to be reached with pumped solar pannels with no auxiliary power supply. Some commercial systems are expected to be relased soon.
The same pumped solar thermal installation can be used for producing hot water the whole year, cooling in summertime and partially heating the building in wintertime.


Photovoltaic cells

The solar panels (photovoltaic arrays) on this small yacht at sea can charge the 12 V batteries at up to 9 Amps in full, direct sunlight
Solar cells (also referred to as photovoltaic cells) are devices or banks of devices that use the photovoltaic effect of semiconductors to generate electricity directly from the sunlight. Because of high manufacturing costs, their use has been limited until recently. One cost-effective use has been in very low-power devices such as calculators with LCDs. Another has been remote applications such as roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing, cathodic protection of pipe lines, and limited "off grid" home power applications. A third has been to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft.
However, the continual decline of manufacturing costs (dropping at 3% to 5% a year in recent years) is expanding the range of cost-effective uses. The average retail cost of a large solar panel declined from $7.50 to $4 per watt between 1990 and 2005. With many jurisdictions now giving tax and rebate incentives, solar electric power can now pay for itself in five to ten years in many places. "Grid-connected" systems - that is, systems with no battery that connect to the utility grid through a special inverter - now make up the largest part of the market. In 2004 the worldwide production of solar cells increased by 60%. 2005 is expected to see large growth again, but shortages of refined silicon have been hampering production worldwide since late 2004.
Solar thermal electric power plants
The two main types of solar thermal power plants are Solar Chimneys and Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants.
Concentrating solar power (CSP) plants


Solar Two, a concentrating solar power plant
Solar thermal power plants generally use reflectors to concentrate sunlight into a heat absorber. Such powerplants are known as Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants.
• Heliostat mirror power plants (power towers) use an array of flat, moveable mirrors to focus the sun's rays upon a collector tower (the target). The high energy at this point of concentrated sunlight is transferred to a substance that can store the heat for later use. The more recent heat transfer material that has been successfully demonstrated is liquid sodium. Sodium is a metal with a high heat capacity, allowing that energy to be stored and drawn off throughout the evening. That energy can, in turn, be used to boil water for use in steam turbines. Water had originally been used as a heat transfer medium in earlier power tower versions (where the resultant steam was used to power a turbine). This system did not allow for power generation during the evening. Examples of heliostat based power plants are the 10 MWe Solar One, Solar Two and the 15 MW Solar Tres plants. In South Africa a solar power plant is planned with 4000 to 5000 heliostat mirrors, each having an area of 140 m².
• A parabolic trough power plant is another type of solar thermal collector. It consists of a series of troughs rather like rainwater guttering with a hollow tube running its length. Sunlight is reflected by the mirror and concentrated on the tube. Heat transfer fluid, oil in the Luz systems, runs through the tube to absorb heat from the concentrated sunlight and is used to power a steam turbine.
• A Parabolic Reflector power plant is rather like a large satellite dish but with the inside surface made of mirror material. It focuses all the sun's energy to a single point and can achieve very high temperatures. Typically the dish is coupled with a Stirling engine in a Dish-Stirling System, but also sometimes a steam engine is used. These create rotational kinetic energy that can be converted to electricity using an electric generator. Planned 850 megawatt Solar Stirling Condenser array [1] [2].
• A linear Fresnel reflector power plant uses a series of carefully angled plane mirrors to focus light onto a linear absorber. Recent prototypes of these types of systems have been built in Australia (CLFR) and Belgium (SolarMundo).

solar chimney
A solar chimney is an apparatus for harnessing solar energy by convection of heated air.
In its simplest form, it consists of a black-painted chimney. During the daytime, solar energy heats the chimney, thereby heating the air within it, resulting in an updraft of air within the chimney. The suction this creates at the chimney base can be used to ventilate, and thereby cool the building below. In most parts of the world, it is easier to harness wind power for such ventilation, but on hot windless days such a chimney can provide ventilation where there would otherwise be none.


General concept of proposed solar chimney power station
This principle has been proposed for electric power generation, using a large greenhouse at the base rather than relying on heating of the chimney itself.
The main problem with this approach is the relatively small difference in temperature between the highest and lowest temperatures in the system. Carnot's theorem greatly restricts the efficiency of conversion in these circumstances.
Solar chemical
There have been experiments to harness energy by absorbing sunlight in a chemical reaction in a way similar to photosynthesis without using living organisms but no practical process has yet emerged.
A promising approach is to use focussed sunlight to provide the energy needed to split water into its constituent hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of metalic zinc.
Solar cooking
A solar box cooker traps the Sun's power in an insulated box; these have been successfully used for cooking, pasteurization and fruit canning. Solar cooking is helping many developing countries, both reducing the demands for local firewood and maintaining a cleaner environment for the cooks. The first known western solar oven is attributed to Horace de Saussure
Solar lighting
The interior of a building can be lit during daylight hours using fibre optic light pipes connected to a parabolic collector mounted on the roof. The manufacturer claim this gives a more natural interior light and can be used to reduce the energy demands of electric lighting.
Energy storage
See main article at Grid energy storage
For a stand-alone system, some means must be employed to store the collected energy for use during hours of darkness or cloud cover. The following list includes both mature and immature techniques: -
• Electrochemically in batteries,
• Hydrogen produced by electrolysis of water and then available for pollution free combustion (see direct solar thermal water splitting),
• Compressed air in a cylinder,
• Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
• Flywheel energy storage,
• Molten salt
• Superconducting magnetic energy storages.
• Cryogenic liquid air or nitrogen
Storage always has an extra stage of energy conversion, with consequent energy losses, greatly increasing capital costs. One way around this is to export excess power to the power grid, drawing it back when needed. This appears to use the power grid as a battery but in fact is relying on conventional energy production through the grid during the night.

ELECTRIC CAR

INTRODUCTION:
Ironically, one of the hottest fields of research for alternative-fuel automobiles is not a new development. Electric automobiles, believed by many to offer the best hope for an emission-free automobile in the near future, have been around as long as their gasoline-powered counterparts.
The first automobiles were powered by steam engines, similar to those seen on steam locomotives. They relied on coals or a fire to heat water and create compressed steam, which was then used to push a cylinder and move the car. Steam was a cumbersome technology for automobiles, however. There was a widespread fear of boiler explosions (although these fears were, quite likely, unfounded). In addition, a lightweight steam engine ... required constant maintenance beyond the skill of most casual owners. The water necessary to run a steam engine also presented a problem; in remote locations where there was a small or nonexistent supply of soft water, water would have to be pumped in to service the cars. Perhaps the most basic factor working against the steam engine was that the gasoline was much more thermally efficient; that is, more of its energy was converted to useful work, rather than waste heat. Because these early vehicles were cumbersome and inconvenient, inventors quickly began to search for other methods of propulsion that would be more flexible.
It soon became evident that the future of the automobile lay in one of two directions: electric, or gasoline-powered. Both of these technologies offered a convenient, portable fuel source which could easily be converted to motion through the use of a simple motor or engine. Thus the race was on between the two technologies. However the electric powered vehicles have an upper hand over the gasoline powered automobiles as far as maintenance, efficiency and life span is concerned.

ELECTRIC VEHICLE (cars)
Electric Car, automobile propelled by one or more electric motors, drawing power from an onboard source of electricity. Electric cars are mechanically simpler and more durable than gasoline-powered cars. They produce less pollution than do gasoline-powered cars. Electric vehicles (EVs) are cars that run on electricity stored in batteries. EVs are often confuse;d with hybrid electric vehicles which combine an internal combustion engine with a battery. EVs are the only truly zero emission car available today because they have no tailpipe exhaust and no evaporative emissions from fuel systems. Manufacturers have developed a broad spectrum of EVs - from neighborhood electric cars which can be used for short trips around town to full function electric cars which can be used for longer trips and have the body of conventional cars. The availability and styles of these vehicles vary from year to year, but with battery technology getting more sophisticated, manufacturers will have the ability to design electric vehicles with extended range, faster charging and more power.
From the outside, it is very difficult to guess that a car is electric. In most cases, electric cars are created by converting a gasoline-powered car, and in that case it is impossible to tell. When you drive an electric car, often the only thing that clues you in to its true nature is the fact that it is nearly silent.


A typical electric car, this one has some particularly snazzy decals. This vehicle is owned by Jon Mauney.

HISTORY
Electric motive power started with a small railway operated by a miniature electric motor, built by Thomas Davenport in 1835. In 1838, a Scotsman named Robert Davidson built an electric locomotive that attained a speed of four miles an hour. In England a patent was granted in 1840 for the use of rails as conductors of electric current, and similar American patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847.
Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain), Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first crude electric carriage, powered by non-rechargable Primary cells.
By the 20th century, electric cars and rail transport were commonplace, with commercial electric automobiles having the majority of the market. Electrified trains were used for coal transport as the motors did not use precious oxygen in the mines. Switzerland's lack of natural fossil resources forced the rapid electrification of their rail network.
Electric vehicles were among the earliest automobiles, and before the preeminence of light, powerful internal combustion engines, electric automobiles held many vehicle land speed and distance records in the early 1900s. They were produced by Anthony Electric, Baker Electric, Detroit Electric, and others and at one point in history out-sold gasoline-powered vehicles.



Edison and an electric car, 1913 (courtesy of the National Museum of American History)
ELECTRIC CARS
An electric car is a car powered by an electric motor which is controlled by several components which make it function much like a standard gasoline powered car. The only difference is when you step on the accelerator the electronic "brain" tells the motor how fast to revolve. Instead of ann explosion making pistons turn and electric car uses clean electromagnetic forces created by electrical current. In most cases, electric cars are created by converting a gasoline-powered car. When you drive an electric car, often the only thing that clues you in to its true nature is the fact that it is nearly silent.
Everything else about the car is stock. When you get in to drive the car, you put the key in the ignition and turn it to the "on" position to turn the car on. You shift into "Drive" with the shifter, push on the accelerator pedal and go. It performs like a normal gasoline car. Here are some interesting statistics:
• The range of this car is about 50 miles (80 km).
• The 0-to-60 mph time is about 15 seconds.
• It takes about 12 kilowatt-hours of electricity to charge the car
after a 50-mile trip
• The batteries weigh about 1,100 pounds (500 kg).
• The batteries last three to four years.

MECHANISM
Mainly its motion is provided by electric motors. The motion may be provided either by wheels or propellors driven by rotary motors, or in the case of tracked vehicles, by linear motors. The electrical energy used to power the motors may be obtained from a direct connection to land-based generation plants, as is common in electric trains; from chemical energy stored on the vehicle in batteries or diesel fuel; from nuclear energy, on nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers; or more esoteric sources such as flywheels, wind and solar.

Under the hood, there are a lot of differences between gasoline and electric cars:
• The gasoline engine is replaced by an electric motor.
• The electric motor gets its power from a controller.
• The controller gets its power from rechargeable batteries.

The Controller
The heart of an electric car is the combination of:
• The electric motor
• The motor's controller
• The batteries
The controller takes power from the batteries and delivers it to the motor. The accelerator pedal hooks to a pair of potentiometers (variable resistors), and these potentiometers provide the signal that tells the controller how much power it is supposed to deliver. The controller can deliver zero power (when the car is stopped), full power (when the driver floors the accelerator pedal), or any power level in between.
The controller normally dominates the scene when you open the hood, as you can see here:

The 300-volt, 50-kilowatt controller for this electric car is the box marked "U.S. Electricar."
When you push on the gas pedal, a cable from the pedal connects to these two potentiometers:

The potentiometers hook to the gas pedal and send a signal to the controller.
The signal from the potentiometers tells the controller how much power to deliver to the electric car's motor. There are two potentiometers for safety's sake. The controller reads both potentiometers and makes sure that their signals are equal. If they are not, then the controller does not operate. This arrangement guards against a situation where a potentiometer fails in the full-on position.
DC CONTROLING



A simple DC controller connected to the batteries and the DC motor. If the driver floors the accelerator pedal, the controller delivers the full 96 volts from the batteries to the motor. If the driver take his/her foot off the accelerator, the controller delivers zero volts to the motor.

The very simplest DC controller would be a big on/off switch wired to the accelerator pedal. When you push the pedal, it would turn the switch on, and when you take your foot off the pedal, it would turn it off. As the driver, you would have to push and release the accelerator to pulse the motor on and off to maintain a given speed.
Obviously, that sort of on/off approach would work but it would be a pain to drive, so the controller does the pulsing for you. The controller reads the setting of the accelerator pedal from the potentiometers and regulates the power accordingly. Let's say that you have the accelerator pushed halfway down. The controller reads that setting from the potentiometer and rapidly switches the power to the motor on and off so that it is on half the time and off half the time. If you have the accelerator pedal 25 percent of the way down, the controller pulses the power so it is on 25 percent of the time and off 75 percent of the time.
Most controllers pulse the power more than 15,000 times per second, in order to keep the pulsation outside the range of human hearing. The pulsed current causes the motor housing to vibrate at that frequency, so by pulsing at more than 15,000 cycles per second, the controller and motor are silent to human ears.

AC CONTROLING



An AC controller hooks to an AC motor. Using six sets of power transistors, the controller takes in 300 volts DC and produces 240 volts AC, 3-phase. The controller additionally provides a charging system for the batteries, and a DC-to-DC converter to recharge the 12-volt accessory battery.

In an AC controller, the job is a little more complicated, but it is the same idea. The controller creates three pseudo-sine waves. It does this by taking the DC voltage from the batteries and pulsing it on and off. In an AC controller, there is the additional need to reverse the polarity of the voltage 60 times a second. Therefore, you actually need six sets of transistors in an AC controller, while you need only one set in a DC controller. In the AC controller, for each phase you need one set of transistors to pulse the voltage and another set to reverse the polarity. You replicate that three times for the three phases -- six total sets of transistors.
Most DC controllers used in electric cars come from the electric forklift industry. The Hughes AC controller seen in the photo above is the same sort of AC controller used in the GM/Saturn EV-1 electric vehicle. It can deliver a maximum of 50,000 watts to the motor.
The Motor
Electric cars can use AC or DC motors:
• If the motor is a DC motor, then it may run on anything from 96 to 192 volts. Many of the DC motors used in electric cars come from the electric forklift industry.
• If it is an AC motor, then it probably is a three-phase AC motor running at 240 volts AC with a 300 volt battery pack.
DC installations tend to be simpler and less expensive. A typical motor will be in the 20,000-watt to 30,000-watt range. A typical controller will be in the 40,000-watt to 60,000-watt range (for example, a 96-volt controller will deliver a maximum of 400 or 600 amps). DC motors have the nice feature that you can overdrive them (up to a factor of 10-to-1) for short periods of time. That is, a 20,000-watt motor will accept 100,000 watts for a short period of time and deliver 5 times its rated horsepower. This is great for short bursts of acceleration. The only limitation is heat build-up in the motor. Too much overdriving and the motor heats up to the point where it self-destructs.
AC installations allow the use of almost any industrial three-phase AC motor, and that can make finding a motor with a specific size, shape or power rating easier. AC motors and controllers often have a regen feature. During braking, the motor turns into a generator and delivers power back to the batteries.
The Batteries
Right now, the weak link in any electric car is the batteries. There are at least six significant problems with current lead-acid battery technology:
• They are heavy (a typical lead-acid battery pack weighs 1,000 pounds or more).
• They are bulky (the car we are examining here has 50 lead-acid batteries, each measuring roughly 6" x 8" by 6").
• They have a limited capacity (a typical lead-acid battery pack might hold 12 to 15 kilowatt-hours of electricity, giving a car a range of only 50 miles or so).
• They are slow to charge (typical recharge times for a lead-acid pack range between four to 10 hours for full charge, depending on the battery technology and the charger).
• They have a short life (three to four years, perhaps 200 full charge/discharge cycles).
• They are expensive (perhaps $2,000 for the battery pack shown in the sample car).
You can replace lead-acid batteries with NiMH batteries. The range of the car will double and the batteries will last 10 years (thousands of charge/discharge cycles), but the cost of the batteries today is 10 to 15 times greater than lead-acid. In other words, an NiMH battery pack will cost $20,000 to $30,000 (today) instead of $2,000. Prices for advanced batteries fall as they become mainstream, so over the next several years it is likely that NiMH and lithium-ion battery packs will become competitive with lead-acid battery prices. Electric cars will have significantly better range at that point.
When you look at the problems associated with batteries, you gain a different perspective on gasoline. Two gallons of gasoline, which weighs 15 pounds, costs $3.00 and takes 30 seconds to pour into the tank, is equivalent to 1,000 pounds of lead-acid batteries that cost $2,000 and take four hours to recharge.
The problems with battery technology explain why there is so much excitement around fuel cells today. Compared to batteries, fuel cells will be smaller, much lighter and instantly rechargeable. When powered by pure hydrogen, fuel cells have none of the environmental problems associated with gasoline. It is very likely that the car of the future will be an electric car that gets its electricity from a fuel cell. There is still a lot of research and development that will have to occur, however, before inexpensive, reliable fuel cells can power automobiles.
Accessory Battery
Just about any electric car has one other battery on board. This is the normal 12-volt lead-acid battery that every car has. The 12-volt battery provides power for accessories -- things like headlights, radios, fans, computers, air bags, wipers, power windows and instruments inside the car. Since all of these devices are readily available and standardized at 12 volts, it makes sense from an economic standpoint for an electric car to use them.
Therefore, an electric car has a normal 12-volt lead-acid battery to power all of the accessories. To keep the battery charged, an electric car needs a DC-to-DC converter. This converter takes in the DC power from the main battery array (at, for example, 300 volts DC) and converts it down to 12 volts to recharge the accessory battery. When the car is on, the accessories get their power from the DC-to-DC converter. When the car is off, they get their power from the 12-volt battery as in any gasoline-powered vehicle.
The DC-to-DC converter is normally a separate box under the hood, but sometimes this box is built into the controller.
Regenerative Braking
The electric motor applies resistance to the drivetrain causing the wheels to slow down. In return, the energy from the wheels turns the motor, which functions as a generator, converting energy normally wasted during coasting and braking into electricity, which is stored in a battery until needed by the electric motor.
Regenerative braking converts otherwise wasted energy from braking into electricity and stores it in the battery.
In regenerative braking, the electric motor is reversed so that, instead of using electricity to turn the wheels, the rotating wheels turn the motor and create electricity. Using energy from the wheels to turn the motor slows the vehicle down.
If additional stopping power is needed, conventional friction brakes (e.g., disc brakes) are also applied automatically.
ADVANTAGES
1. no engine.
2. no gas/petrol tank.
3. no emission.
4. no noise.
5. no apparent pollution.
DISADVANTAGE
1. high price.
2. efficiency of battery is less.

CONCLUSION
The future was unclear because of the low range and small lifespan of the batteries. But there are several developments which could bring back electric vehicles outside of their current field of application -- namely operational yards and indoor operation. The first improvement[1] was to decouple the electric motor from the battery through electronic control while employing ultra-capacitors to buffer large but short power demands and recuperable braking energy. The development of new cell types compared with intelligent cell management improved both weak points mentioned above. The cell management is not only able to monitor the health of the cells but by having a redundant cell configuration (one cell more than needed) and a sophisticated switched wiring it is possible to condition one cell after the other while the rest are on duty. Perhaps the most important point is that a monovalent operation (electric only) is no longer considered dogma. The use of fuel cells instead of internal combustion engines can create propulsion systems that are nearly emissions-free (regarding local emissions).


REFERENCES

1. http://www.wickipedia.com/
2. http://www.howstuffworks.com/
3. http://www.google.com/
4. http://www.answers.com/
5. http://www.electriccars.com/